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In the realm of industrial pigments, white titanium dioxide stands as a towering figure, known for its unrivaled ability to provide brightness and opacity. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigments are utilized extensively in various applications, from paints and coatings to plastics and paper manufacturing. The journey of white titanium dioxide pigment manufacturers has been marked by continuous innovation and adaptation to meet the growing demands of a diverse market.

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This article discusses the discovery of phosphorescent lithopone on watercolor drawings by American artist John La Farge dated between 1890 and 1905 and the history of lithopone in the pigment industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Despite having many desirable qualities for use in white watercolor or oil paints, the development of lithopone as an artists’ pigment was hampered by its tendency to darken in sunlight. Its availability to, and adoption by, artists remain unclear, as colormen's trade catalogs were generally not explicit in describing white pigments as containing lithopone. Further, lithopone may be mistaken for lead white during visual examination and its short-lived phosphorescence can be easily missed by the uninformed observer. Phosphorescent lithopone has been documented on only one other work-to-date: a watercolor by Van Gogh. In addition to the history of lithopone's manufacture, the article details the mechanism for its phosphorescence and its identification aided by Raman spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry.

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The manufacturing process of lithopone involves several steps, including sulfide precipitation, grinding, classification, and packaging. During the sulfide precipitation stage, zinc sulfide and barium sulfate are reacted in an aqueous solution under controlled conditions to form a precipitate of lithopone. The precipitate is then washed, dried, and ground to the desired particle size distribution. Finally, the ground pigment is classified to remove any oversized or undersized particles and packaged for storage and transportation.

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Subsequently, barium sulfate, another crucial ingredient, is derived from barite, a naturally occurring mineral rich in barium. The barium sulfate is then mixed with the synthesized zinc sulfide in precise proportions to create the desired lithopone pigment. The mixture undergoes a series of processes, including grinding and classification, to achieve the required particle size distribution and enhance its performance characteristics.

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